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Checks if an object is an image object.
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Gets the "base" mode for given mode. This function returns "L" for
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:returns: "L" or "RGB".
:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
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Gets the storage type mode. Given a mode, this function returns a
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Gets a list of individual band names. Given a mode, this function returns
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:param mode: Input mode.
:returns: A tuple containing band names. The length of the tuple
gives the number of bands in an image of the given mode.
:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
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Gets the number of individual bands for this mode.
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This class represents an image object. To create
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* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
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Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
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had their file read and closed by the
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Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
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storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
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use the standard "raw" encoder.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:rtype: A bytes object.
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Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
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Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
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Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time. This method will close the file
associated with the image.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
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Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
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the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
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Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK." The **matrix** argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to black and white (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is NONE, all non-zero values are set to 255 (white). To
use other thresholds, use the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point`
method.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are NONE or FLOYDSTEINBERG (default).
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are WEB or ADAPTIVE.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the ADAPTIVE palette.
Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
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Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: 0 = median cut
1 = maximum coverage
2 = fast octree
3 = libimagequant
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the :py:class:`PIL.ImagingPalette` palette.
:returns: A new image
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Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
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:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
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Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
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coordinate.
This is a lazy operation. Changes to the source image may or
may not be reflected in the cropped image. To break the
connection, call the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method on
the cropped copy.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
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Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
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version from a PCD file.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size.
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Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
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Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
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Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
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Returns a list of colors used in this image.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
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Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use **list(im.getdata())**.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
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Gets the the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
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:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
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Returns the pixel value at a given position.
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Get projection to x and y axes
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Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as
a list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. If the image has more than one band, the histograms for
all bands are concatenated (for example, the histogram for an
"RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
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Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). If a 4-tuple is given, the size of the pasted image
must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L" or "RGBA"
images (in the latter case, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
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Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65336 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
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Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
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image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
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Copies pixel data to this image. This method copies data from a
sequence object into the image, starting at the upper left
corner (0, 0), and continuing until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust
the sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
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Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P" or
"L" image, and the palette sequence must contain 768 integer
values, where each group of three values represent the red,
green, and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index. Instead of an integer sequence, you can use an 8-bit
string.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
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Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y).
:param value: The pixel value.
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Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline interpolation), or
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.LANCZOS` (a high-quality downsampling filter).
If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
set :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
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Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`
(cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment).
If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
set :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
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Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param options: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception KeyError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception IOError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
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Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
**EOFError** exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
Note that in the current version of the library, most sequence
formats only allows you to seek to the next frame.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
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Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for
debugging purposes.
On Unix platforms, this method saves the image to a temporary
PPM file, and calls either the **xv** utility or the **display**
utility, depending on which one can be found.
On OS X, this method saves the image to a temporary BMP file, and opens
it with the native Preview application.
On Windows, it saves the image to a temporary BMP file, and uses
the standard BMP display utility to show it (usually Paint).
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window,
where possible.
:param command: command used to show the image
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Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
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Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
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Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: Requested size.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR`,
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`, or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0)
:returns: None
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Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
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:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
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:py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_180`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_270` or
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Creates a new image with the given mode and size.
:param mode: The mode to use for the new image. See:
:ref:`concept-modes`.
:param size: A 2-tuple, containing (width, height) in pixels.
:param color: What color to use for the image. Default is black.
If given, this should be a single integer or floating point value
for single-band modes, and a tuple for multi-band modes (one value
per band). When creating RGB images, you can also use color
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Creates a copy of an image memory from pixel data in a buffer.
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information on available decoders, see the section
:ref:`Writing Your Own File Decoder <file-decoders>`.
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
If you have an entire image in a string, wrap it in a
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it.
:param mode: The image mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param size: The image size.
:param data: A byte buffer containing raw data for the given mode.
:param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
:param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
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Creates an image memory referencing pixel data in a byte buffer.
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original buffer object are reflected in this image). Not all modes can
share memory; supported modes include "L", "RGBX", "RGBA", and "CMYK".
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
If you have an entire image file in a string, wrap it in a
**BytesIO** object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load it.
In the current version, the default parameters used for the "raw" decoder
differs from that used for :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`. This is a
bug, and will probably be fixed in a future release. The current release
issues a warning if you do this; to disable the warning, you should provide
the full set of parameters. See below for details.
:param mode: The image mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param size: The image size.
:param data: A bytes or other buffer object containing raw
data for the given mode.
:param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
:param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder. For the
default encoder ("raw"), it's recommended that you provide the
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frombuffer(mode, size, data, "raw", mode, 0, 1)
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Creates an image memory from an object exporting the array interface
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:param mode: Mode to use (will be determined from type if None)
See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:returns: An image object.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.6
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Opens and identifies the given image file.
This is a lazy operation; this function identifies the file, but
the file remains open and the actual image data is not read from
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:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method). See
:py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or a file object.
The file object must implement :py:meth:`~file.read`,
:py:meth:`~file.seek`, and :py:meth:`~file.tell` methods,
and be opened in binary mode.
:param mode: The mode. If given, this argument must be "r".
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the first image.
:param alpha: The interpolation alpha factor. If alpha is 0.0, a
copy of the first image is returned. If alpha is 1.0, a copy of
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